Chosen Solution

When I try to boot into safe mode, the screen flickers between a

You’ll need to pop off the bottom cover and inspect the LVDS cable and the logic board connect. follow this guide: MacBook Pro 13" Unibody Mid 2012 Display Replacement to Step 4, then jump to Step 14

If you use a cleaner on your screen spraying it directly you can also cause issues within the display its self. There is a connector on the T-CON board which can likewise get corrosion damage!

It only does this when booting into Safe Mode? You will get some screen redraw when booting into safe mode so that is normal. My assumption is it’s because when you are booted to safe mode the system only uses the bare minimum system resources to start up so maybe it uses some generic video driver at that point. But it is normal to get some video redraw when booted into Safe Mode.